isoproturon mode of action

2012;11(4):791-9.). Figure 4 showed decreasing (isoproturon with and without adjuvants) and increasing (weedy check) trend of stomatal conductance after 3, 10 and 17 days of herbicidal treatments. 2012;11(4):791-9. The treatments were isoproturon at 175 g a.i. In comparison among days of herbicide application, lowest photosynthesis rate of all four weeds was observed after 17 days of herbicide application. 2006;51(2):139-41. In: Strigib JC, Kudsk P, editors. Entre todos os tratamentos, isoproturon a 175 g i.a. When herbicides are applied as a tank mixture or combined with an adjuvant, they might be more efficacious and cost-effective in controlling weeds if the appropriate combinations are used (Monaco et al., 2002). To increase the growth and yield of wheat, it is important to apply herbicides at optimum rate and right time while maintaining weed control at an acceptable level and also protecting crop from herbicide injury. Isoproturon {3-(4- isopropyl phenyl)-1,1- dimethyl urea} is among the important phenyl related urea group and post-emergence herbicide mainly utilized to control annual, broad leaf and grasses weeds in wheat and other cereal crops (Chhokar et al., 2008Chhokar R, Singh S, Sharma R. Herbicides for control of isoproturon-resistant Littleseed Canarygrass (Phalaris minor) in wheat. For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions ha-1, aplicado sozinho ou com adjuvantes Ad-500 ou biopotenciador a 400 mL ha-1 cada, e a verificao de plantas daninhas como tratamento controle. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1 lowered the transpiration rate significantly in studied weeds after 17 days of herbicide spray than 3 and 10 days. Surfactants affect herbicides on kochia (. Transpiration rate was found maximal in weedy check when measured 3, 10 and 17 days after herbicide spray (Figure 3). Weed Technol. 2008;25:61-70.; Gugaa et al., 2010Gugaa M, Zarzecka K, Zadrozniak B. has reported that weeds are efficiently controlled when isoproturon is sprayed combined with surfactants. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1 produced tallest wheat plants, whereas, minimum plant height (79.5 cm) was recorded with isoproturon at 105 g a.i. 2009;1:101-111) who studied the effect of bromoxynil + MCPA, isoproturon and triasulfuron on yield and yield components of wheat in which it was concluded that herbicide application significantly increased the yield components of wheat when compared with weedy check. ha-1) along with Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1 gave similar harvest index (Table 2). Results clearly demonstrates that reduced dose of isoproturon (105 g a.i. ). Means sharing the same letter in a column did not differ with each other at 5% (0.05) probability level. Therefore, identification of appropriate adjuvant for specific weed species is primarily required to maximize herbicide performance. Wheat variety PUNJAB-2011 was sown at the seed rate of 100 kg ha-1, planted using a single-row hand-pulled seed drill. Vandoorne B, Mathieu AS, van den Ende W, Vergauwen R, Prilleux C, Javaux M, et al. Usman and Khan (2009Usman K, Khan M. Economic evaluation of weed management through tillage, herbicides and hand weeding in irrigated wheat. However, among all herbicidal applications, isoproturon with adjuvants decreased the net photosynthesis, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance in all four weeds (M. indica, A. arvensis, P. minor, and F. indica) after 17 days of herbicide application compared to others treatments. Pak J Agric Sci. Formulation and adjuvants. excellent weed control and maximum grain yield was recorded from Puma Super 75 EW at 1.25 L ha-1 + buctril super 60 EC at 750 mL ha-1 followed by isoproturon at 2 kg ha-1 having statistically at par grain yield. In our study, gaseous exchange parameters of wheat including net photosynthesis, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance increased in weedy check than all herbicide applications after 3, 10 and 17 days of herbicidal application. Therefore, it is a dire need to select an appropriate dose of herbicide with suitable adjuvant that must suppress the weed growth along with optimum yield of crop. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1. J Exp Bot. Effect of post-emergence herbicide isoproturon alone and with adjuvants on fresh and dry weight of all four weeds Melilotus indica, Anagallis arvensis, Phalaris minor and Fumaria indica resulted in lowest fresh and dry weight as compared to weedy check (Table 3). Vandoorne B, Mathieu AS, van den Ende W, Vergauwen R, Prilleux C, Javaux M, et al. Weed Technology publishes original research and scholarship focused on understanding "how" weeds are managed. However, in weedy check, highest rate of photosynthesis was recorded in all weeds after 3, 10, and 17 days of herbicide spray. with primary mode of action of photosynthesis inhibition and chlorophyll lipid synthesis (Shehzad et al., 2012Shehzad MA, Maqsood M, Anwar-ul-Haq M, Niaz A. Efficacy of various herbicides against weeds in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Harvest index (%) of wheat was calculated using following formula: The net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance for wheat and weeds were measured 3, 10 and 17 days after herbicide application. In cereals, particularly in wheat, different herbicides are utilized with chief mode of action of photosynthesis inhibition by interrupting normal functioning of chlorophyll and photosystems I and II by binding to quinine binding protein D-1 in thalakoid membrane and seizes electron transport chain (Naseer-ud-din et al., 2011Naseer-ud-Din GM, Shehzad MA, Nasarullah HM. 2008;25:61-70. Among these methods, chemical weed control is the most improved method (Bibi et al., 2008Bibi S, Marwat KB, Hassan G, Khan NM. 2003;51:430-4. Woodland: 2001. ha-1) with Ad-500 at 400 mL ha-1. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1. Highest productive tillers (375.2) and lowest non-productive tillers (18.5) of wheat were observed with the application of isoproturon at 175 g a.i. ha-1 + Ad-500 at 400 mL ha-1, isoproturon at 140 g a.i. Water stress drastically reduces root growth and inulin yield in. 2010;9:77-84.) Our findings are in accordance with Ashrafi (2009Ashrafi Z. In conclusion, isoproturon at 175 g a.i. Ahmad R, Shaikh AS. The sprayer was adjusted to deliver 250 L ha-1 solution at 3.2 km h-1. Pak J Agric Sci. There was significant effect of isoproturon with and without adjuvants on number of grains/spike of wheat (Table 1). ha-1 + Ad-500 at 400 mL ha-1, T7 = Isoproturon at 105 g a.i. Tank mixture adjuvant provided better control of major weeds species than herbicide use alone or low dose with adjuvants that resulted in increased space and nutrients availability to crops which ultimately increased productive tillers and reduced non-productive tillers (Kierzek and Adamczewski, 2008Kierzek R, Adamczewski K. Activity of selected herbicide mixtures in maize. Bibi S, Marwat KB, Hassan G, Khan NM. Our results indicated that addition of Bio-enhancer to isoproturon increased the efficacy of isoproturon at full dose in terms of number of grains per spike when compared with addition of Ad-500 or without adjuvant. Experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replications. Maximum harvest index (51.5%) of wheat was observed with isoproturon at 175 g a.i. Injury and grass control. Common weeds of wheat and their control. Effects of adjuvants, halosulfuron, and grass herbicides on Cucurbita spp. Data stated that full dose of isoproturon at 175 g a.i. T1 = Weedy check, T2 = Isoproturon at 175 g a.i. Seed bed was prepared by cultivating the soil thrice with tractor mounted cultivator, each followed by planking. A field study was conducted to investigate the effect of post-emergence herbicide isoproturon alone or with combination of adjuvants on winter wheat and its associated weeds. The key objective of presented research was to evaluate the effect of post-emergence application of isoproturon herbicide alone and with most suitable combination of adjuvant on photosynthetic attributes of wheat and their associated weeds. 2007 Cambridge University Press Surfactants affect herbicides on kochia (Kochia scoparia) and russian thistle (Salsolai berica). 2000;14:807-13.). However, minimum fresh weight (37.5 g) was measured from P. minor where isoproturon at 140 g a.i. 2010;255:47-57. ), efficacy of herbicides such as bromoxynil, glyphosate and 2, 4-D with adjuvants (Allinol 810-60, MON 0818 and Oxysorbic 20) against kochia (Bassia scoparia) and Russian thistle (Salsola tragus) provided better control of weeds as compared to herbicide alone. According to Cheema et al. Guarda G, Padovan S, Delogu G. Grain yield, nitrogen-use efficiency and baking quality of old and modern Italian bread-wheat cultivars grown at different nitrogen levels. Regarding grain yield, wheat responded differently to isoproturon applied with and without adjuvants (Table 2). New York: John Wiley and Sons; 2002. ha- 1, T3 = Isoproturon at 140 g a.i. Pak J Water Res. Different post-emergence herbicides has been used to control weeds but it is documented that application of post-emergence herbicide with adjuvants was found to be more effective in controlling the weeds (Naseer-ud-Din et al., 2011). 4th ed. Losses due to weeds can be managed by different approaches such as manual, mechanical, allelopathic, biological and chemical. Access supplemental materials and multimedia. Isoproturon at 175 g a.i. 2008;48:1146-9.). Kammler KJ, Walters SA, Young BG. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1, T10 = Isoproturon at 105 g a.i. Indian J Agron. Singh R, Dhiman SEN, Rana NS, Kumar S. Efficacy of dicamba alone and in combination with isoproturon on wheat (Triticum aestivum) and associated weeds. Effect of individual and tank mixed herbicides on yield of wheat crop. Our results showed that wheat produced maximum number of productive tillers (m-2) and minimum non-productive tillers where maximum weed control was achieved. Weed Sci. Pak J Weed Sci Res. J Exp Bot. Injury and grass control. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 1993. p.99-116. Adoption of fenoxaprop-P, clodinafop, and sulfosulfuron in isoproturon-resistant areas since 1997 initially led to high yields, but resulted in a weed flora shift which eventually reduced yields and increased the cost of weed management. Weed science: Principles and practices. 2008;14(3-4):111-20. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1 gave minimum number of M. indica and F. indica weeds. herbicides Weed Res. Treatments were comprised of weedy check, isoproturon at 175 g a.i. Enhancing the biological activity of nicosulfuron with pH adjusters. Ann App Bio. Read your article online and download the PDF from your email or your account. However, growth and yield related parameters of wheat like number of productive tillers (m-2), number of none-productive tillers (m-2), plant height (cm), number of grains/spike, 1000-grains weight (g), spike length (cm), biological yield (kg ha-1), grain yield (kg ha-1) were recorded at maturity following standard procedure. 2010;16:89-96.) 2004;21:181-92. In case of wheat, highest productive tillers, plant height, 1000-grain weight, biological and grain yield were achieved with isoproturon at 175 g a.i. Effects of adjuvants, halosulfuron, and grass herbicides on Cucurbita spp. ha-1 + Ad-500 at 400 mL ha-1, isoproturon at 175 g a.i. Spike length was significantly affected by exogenous application of isoproturon with and without adjuvants. ha-1, T5 = Isoproturon at 175 g a.i. ha-1 sprayed alone and with both adjuvants (Ad-500 or Bio-enhancer) each at 400 mL ha-1. J ASTM Int. Kudsk P, Streibig JC. ha-1 + Ad-500 at 400 mL ha-1 in F. indica than others weeds (Figure 3). An appropriate adjuvant when combined efficiently can decrease the amount of herbicide applied and significantly reduces the total costs for weed control (Green, 2001; Monaco et al., 2002Monaco TJ, Weller SJ, Ashton FM. This might be due to stomotal closure at early stage of herbicide spray that reduced CO2 uptake under herbicide application. Ann App Bio. This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. However, after 3 days of herbicidal application, minimum transpiration rate (2.32 mol m-2 s-1) was recorded with isoproturon at 175 g a.i. Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Pakistan. Other parameters including weeds plant height (cm), fresh weight (g) and dry weight (g) were recorded at maturity by using standared procedure. Water stress drastically reduces root growth and inulin yield in Cichorium intybus (var. ha-1, isoproturon at 140 g a.i. Acta Sci Polon Agric. Pestic Sci. Green JM. Efficacy of various pre and post-emergence herbicides to control weeds in wheat. Multiple comparisons. ha-1 + biopotenciador a 400 mL ha-1 foi mais eficaz no controle de Melilotus indica, Anagallis arvensis, Phalaris minor e Fumaria indica, pois ele reduziu a atividade fotossinttica e a biomassa fresca e seca dessas plantas daninhas. 2011;51(1):478-88. 2000;14:807-13. Data showed that post-emergence spray of isoproturon with and without adjuvants reduced the transpiration rate of all four weeds (M. indica, A. arvensis, P. minor, and F. indica) after 3, 10 and 17 days of application. (2000Rahman L, Sakuratoni E, Uddiu T. Ecological adoption of chickpea to water stress. Herbicide adjuvants. ha-1, T3 = Isoproturon at 140 g a.i. Whereas, highest stomatal conductance was recoded in weedy check after 17 days of herbicide spray in all four weeds. ha-1. Presented at the UC Davis. Rahman L, Sakuratoni E, Uddiu T. Ecological adoption of chickpea to water stress. ha-1 + Ad-500 at 400 mL ha-1, T7 = Isoproturon at 105 g a.i. Cambridge University Press (www.cambridge.org) is the publishing division of the University of Cambridge, one of the worlds leading research institutions and winner of 81 Nobel Prizes. Conclui-se que o isoproturon a 175 g i.a. ha-1 resulted in highest plant height in all tested weeds after weedy check compared to all other treatments (Table 5). Chhokar R, Singh S, Sharma R. Herbicides for control of isoproturon-resistant Littleseed Canarygrass (. Spray solutions were prepared by adding isoproturon alone and with adjuvants in a plastic bottles containing tap water. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1, isoproturon at 105 g a.i. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1 recorded the minimum stomatal conductance of wheat (Figure 1). In view of our findings, physiological parameters such as net photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance of all four weeds were significantly reduced to a greater extent by all herbicidal spray measured after 3, 10 and 17 days of application in comparison with weedy check. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 1993. ha-1 + Ad-500 at 400 mL ha-1. Weed control in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) with post emergence applications of trifloxysulfuron-sodium. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1. Complete dose of phosphorus and potassium and half of nitrogen was applied during seed bed preparation, while remaining nitrogen was applied at first irrigation. Among all treatments, weedy check produced maximum photosynthetic rate after 3, 10 and 17 days of herbicide spray. 4th ed. (2006Cheema MS, Akhtar M, Iqbal MS. Keywords:fresh and dry weight; gas exchange traits; growth and yield; herbicide doses; Triticum aestivum L.; weed control. Some adjuvants completely alter the chemical composition of herbicide or even cover the plant surface by keeping the herbicide in-contact with plant tissue hence increase herbicide penetration and binding ability to kill the target plant without damaging actual crop (Kudsk and Streibig, 1993Kudsk P, Streibig JC. However, lower efficacy of these herbicides has been observed in the field, although multiple resistances have yet to be confirmed. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1 (Table 2). ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1 produced minimum fresh weight of 37.5 g, 16.5 g and 16.5 g in M. indica, A. arvensis and F. indica, respectively. ha-1 without adjuvants followed by isoproturon at 105 g a.i. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1 might be a profitable approach to achieve optimal yield of wheat by causing the maximum suppression of these tested weeds. Enhancing the biological activity of nicosulfuron with pH adjusters. Afr J Biotechnol. 2010;9:77-84. Pak J Weed Sci Res. Adjuvants improve the biological activity and reduce surface tension which may help to reduce herbicide dose (Green and Cahill, 2003Green JM, Cahill WR. Means sharing the same letter in a column did not differ with each other at 5% (0.05) probability level. 2006;51(2):139-41.) As such, it is focused on more applied aspects concerning the management of weeds. Cambridge Journals publishes over 250 peer-reviewed academic journals across a wide range of subject areas, in print and online. Progress Plant Prot. Improved cultivation practices are also helpful; however, no current single system is sustainable. 2008;27(3-5):719-26. ) The plot size was 1.5 m 3.5 m having row to row spacing 25 cm. Minimum productive and maximum non-productive tillers were recorded in weedy check. Singh et al. All herbicide treatments with and without adjuvants impart significant impact on all weeds by reducing their photosynthetic rate as compared to weedy check after 3, 10 and 17 days of herbicidal spray (Figure 2). Herbicide Bioassays. 2009;6(6):1-10. Eur J Agron. Legume Res. As doses de herbicida foram isoproturon a 175 g i.a. Efficacy of various pre and post-emergence herbicides to control weeds in wheat. ha-1 + Ad-500 at 400 mL ha-1 and reduced dose of isoproturon (140 g a.i. 2003;17(2):338-45. Crop Prot. According to Harbour et al. Ashrafi Z. 2015;166(2):171-182.). 2009;15:199-208. 2006;20(2):377-83.). Um estudo de campo foi conduzido para investigar o efeito de ps-emergncia do herbicida isoproturon sozinho ou com combinao de adjuvantes no trigo de inverno e suas plantas daninhas relevantes. Results regarding the effect of isoproturon with and without adjuvants on number of productive and non-productive tillers of wheat are described in Table 1. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1. Several studies has demonstrated that adjuvants efficacy is dependent on the herbicide being used and the characteristics of target weed (Kieloch and Domaradzki, 2008Kieloch R, Domaradzki K. The abiotic factors affecting the effectiveness of herbicides. carfentrazone-ethyl + isoproturon gave maximum number of spike bearing tillers (m-2) than clodinafop propargyl + bromoxynil octanovate + heptanovate ester. Whereas, isoproturon at 175 g a.i. Weed Technol. Genetic studies and resistance characterization from multiple locations indicate independent evolution of resistance due to continuous use of isoproturon and monoculture rice-wheat-cropping system. However, highest values of gas exchange parameters of wheat were observed where no herbicide was sprayed. Brecke BJ, Stephenson DO. Hess FD, Foy CL. ha-1 + Ad-500 at 400 mL ha-1, T6 = Isoproturon at 140 g a.i. Seed biopriming with drought tolerant isolates of, Singh S, Kirkwood RC, Marshall G. Effect of ABT on the activity and rate of degradation of isoproturon in susceptible and resistant biotypes of, Singh R, Dhiman SEN, Rana NS, Kumar S. Efficacy of dicamba alone and in combination with isoproturon on wheat (. Kierzek R, Adamczewski K. Activity of selected herbicide mixtures in maize. However, minimum grain yield (2285.7 kg ha-1) was recorded in weedy check followed by that of isoproturon at 140 g and 105 g a.i. ha-1) gave similar 1000-grain weight to that of full dose of isoproturon (175 g a.i. also revealed that herbicides significantly improved harvest index over weedy check. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1 produced highest biological yield compared to other treatments. ha-1 with both adjuvants (Bio-enhancer and Ad-500 each at 400 mL ha-1) significantly increased 1000-grains weight than weedy check. (2006Singh R, Dhiman SEN, Rana NS, Kumar S. Efficacy of dicamba alone and in combination with isoproturon on wheat (Triticum aestivum) and associated weeds. Results showed that maximum number of weeds (54.4) was measured for M. indica followed by A. arvensis (30.5), P. minor (7.5) and F. indica (12.5) in weedy check treatment while, isoproturon at 175 g a.i. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1. ), herbicide control weeds by inhibiting their photosynthesis, chlorophyll, lipid synthesis and seedling growth. ha-1) without adjuvants. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 1993. ha-1 + Ad-500 at 400 mL ha-1, T6 = Isoproturon at 140 g a.i. Biu Inst Hod Aklimat Ros. Harbour JD, Messersmith CG, Ramsdale BK. ha-1 and isoproturon at 105 g a.i. Singh S, Kirkwood RC, Marshall G. Effect of ABT on the activity and rate of degradation of isoproturon in susceptible and resistant biotypes of Phalaris minor and in wheat. Herbicide efficacy is significantly decreased due to direct influence of factors like drift and surface tension, whereas it can be increased with addition of adjuvants (Adamczewski and Matysiak, 2005Adamczewski K, Matysiak R The effects and benefits of adjuvants used with sulfonyl urea herbicides. Data regarding net photosynthetic rate of wheat after 3, 10 and 17 days of post-emergence herbicide application of isoproturon alone and with adjuvants is shown in Figure 1. Interaction of surfactants with plant cuticles. Significant reduction in above mentioned physiological parameters in all weeds was probably due to herbicide application with adjuvants that enhanced the effectiveness of herbicide and isoproturon which disturbed the activity of chlorophyll and photosystems I and II by binding to quinine binding protein D-1 in thalakoid membrane in plant and effect electron transport chain (Naseer-ud-Din et al., 2011). The soil of experimental site was analyzed and found to be sandy clay loam with pH 8.2, organic matter content 0.90%, 0.55% nitrogen (N), 12 ppm available phosphorous (P) and 113 ppm available potassium (K). Crop Prot. J ASTM Int. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1, T10 = Isoproturon at 105 g a.i. ha-1) with Bio-enhancer 400 mL ha-1 resulted in similar number of P. minor weeds at harvest to that of full dose (175 g a.i. Usman K, Khan M. Economic evaluation of weed management through tillage, herbicides and hand weeding in irrigated wheat. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1 (Table 4). Water stress drastically reduces root growth and inulin yield in Cichorium intybus (var.

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