Keep in mind that pressures under 30 psi are not recommended but could possibly work if needed as a last resort. Four common methods are : Photo : Highrisefirefighting.co.uk Pic:Highrisefirefighting.co.uk If you quote information from this page in your work, then the reference for this page is: climb five stories carrying a 40-pound coil of fire hose, at the top, pull up a 40-pound coil of fire hose hand over hand Smooth bore nozzles, sizes 15/16-, 1-, 1 1/8-, 1 -, 1 3/8-, and 1-inch were used as well as a specialty type large bore tip nozzle. The stowage system and make-up can have a bearing on the speed of deployment. Rolled make-up systems have a proven record, but its short-coming is that it has to be deployed (Hand rolled). Dutch rolled, where the hose is double back on itself and then rolled towards the two couplings is a quick and convenient hose make up & deployment but it requires conciderable space to deploy (it is thrown) making it less than ideal foir high rise corridors and lobbies. This requires space, which can be a serious restriction in high rise corridors and lobbies. Remember, the 65-psi number is based on a 500-gpm flow. He is available to answer questions; he can be reached at (702) 293-5150 or Layinline @aol.com. In New HIGHWAY EXTENSION: When there is a need to extend a hose system very rapidly beyond the standard pre-connected length the Pack can be used to provide fire crews with a fast and efficient method of extending their pre-connected hose systems. The commonest make-up methods on UK appliances is one of the rolled methods; either conventionally rolled (over the female coupling) or dutch rolled (where the hose is double back on itself and then rolled towards the two couplings). Photo : Highrisefirefighting.co.uk Therefore, if you flow less than 500 gpm, which you would have with the 2-inch handline, the residual pressure will be higher because the pump will not adjust to the lower flow. These nozzles were chosen because of their low-pressure operation characteristics and the ability to flush debris. Photo: Angus Kidd Hose weight is an issue that should be addressed and this needs to be balanced with the ability of the hose to withstand the hard environment of a High-rise fire. In some circumstances hose lines may need to deployed in high rise buildings that are over 2 lengths long (50m plus). Although not right on the money, the engine company tests were close enough to illustrate the residual pressure potential that a high-rise system has to flow water. In most circumstances it exhibits a good balance between its flow characteristics, its charged weight and manoeuvrability. A common denominator in all of these tests was the fact that most of the tips that allowed higher flows also took higher standpipe pressures to create the minimum 30-psi nozzle pressures. On arrival it must be easy for crews to select, remove and deploy hose to the appropriate incident areas. There are other factors besides the plumbed fire protection system to consider for the flow requirements needed from the handline. google_ad_height = 90; They have a good understanding of the systems and codes. It also exhibits very high frictional loss and should NOT be considered for incidents at high rise incidents as it will not normally be able to provide suitable flow rates given the issues of limited supply from riser systems. Clark County is the authority having jurisdiction (AHJ) and understands the need to provide firefighters with the ammunition they need to get the job done. google_ad_width = 160; If nothing else, the small-diameter hose pack can be used for overhaul. Firefighter, Civilian Treated for Smoke Inhalation after Walla Walla (WA) House Firefighter Training: Pump Operations and More, Standpipes 101, Part 4: A Beginners Guide to Standpipe Firefighting, Fathers Day: Its Special Meaning for the Fire Service, Twelve Displaced After Late Night VA House Fire, 2-inch nozzle with a 1 3/8-inch waterway in conjunction with 1 1/8-inch and 1-inch smooth bore tips and the large bore tip nozzle, 2-inch nozzle with a 2-inch waterway used in conjunction with 1 3/8-inch and 1-inch smooth bore tips. It is up to each department to decide what to use. Over-pumping is a last resort. What does this mean? Using an engine company instead of a building system was considered to be accurate enough to prove the theory. Together with usability and flexibility within manual handling (crews need to be able to safely advance and retreat. Carmel / Cleveland lay (Often called Roundabout hose load or Carmel lay or a part of a Cleveland load, which includes a branch) rope - equivalent to 5/6 stories, stair work with a 45-pound fire hose - equivalent to 5/6 This is a consideration for High rise fire fighting, where equipment may be have to be carried up many flights of stairs. This hose offers the optimum performance given the restricted environment it needs to work in. This link will take you away from our site. Photo: NZFS training Program (6) An engine company simulating a standpipe system. If instead the system pressures are too low, the fire problem is big, or if you are just not sure of either, use the 2 1/2-inch line. Recent innovation has lead to the creation of hose pack holders to assist with quick and effective deployment. In a dark and smoke-filled hallway a firefighter needs the High Rise Hose Pack made for PAL Pack. Just remember, safety comes first. However, one key point to remember is that in the above tests, we cannot measure the actual residual pressure left over in the building system after flowing the tested flow from a handline. In the flow tests conducted from an engine discharge, you can measure the flow at the 65-psi pressure and come up with an accurate reading, such as the 2-inch flowing 265 fpm. He is also a retired engineer from the City of Las Vegas (NV) Fire Department. The Fire Fighting physical does vary from state to state. The 218-gpm flow from the 1.88-inch hose was almost up to the expected minimum 2-inch flow of 265 gpm, which is what standpipe specifications were originally designed for way back when. 51mm hose offers a good balance of hydraulic performance (frictional loss). Carmel (or Cleveland pack) is an evolution of an American 'wildfire' hose deployment technique. Q & A: Bill Gustin on Standpipe Operations, Training Minutes: Four Critical Points for Standpipe Operations, Engine Company Operations: Words of Wisdom on Moving the Big Water, Smooth Bore vs. Combinationand the Beat Goes On. It is important to note that when there is any restriction placed on the supply to any 45mm hose (which is to be expected at High rise incidents) its flow characteristics, especially its high levels of frictional loss, will count against it. The stowage system and make-up can have a bearing on the speed of deployment. An optimal nozzle pressure of 50 psi works well; a slightly lower or slightly higher nozzle pressure produced from a system pressure may also work. 20 lbs Fire hose (as we now understand it) , can trace its ancestry back over 250 years. 45mm Hose: Is the normal hose taken inside a building. The tests showed that the 2-inch hose was slightly higher in flow than the 1.88-inch hose. The standpipe pressures used in the tests ranged from 30 psi to 150 psi. A calibrated flow meter was used to measure the flow of the combination and large-bore tip nozzles, since they cant be pitoted for flow readings. The commonest make-up methods on UK appliances is one of the rolled methods; either conventionally rolled (over the female coupling) or dutch rolled (where the hose is double back on itself and then rolled towards the two couplings). The key to moving adequate water in a high-rise/low-pressure system is to have a handline that offers the required water in an effective firefighting stream with the least amount of pressure lossin other words, low-pressure nozzles and hose with low friction-loss characteristics. Dutch rolled, where the hose is double back on itself and then rolled towards the two couplings is a quick and convenient hose make up & deployment but it requires conciderable space to deploy (it is thrown) making it less than ideal foir high rise corridors and lobbies. This mode allows fire crews to adapt to situations where a standard hallway extension is not desirable. 70mm (64mm) Hose: Commonly revered to as 70mm hose (although only 64mm in diameter) this is the mainstay hose for most UK FRS. All streams had adequate performance capable of suppressing fire. (or 'Hose on the Bight') Ensure that the selected method of make-up is approved by the hose manufacturer and that it places no undue loads or stresses on it . 2-Inch Hose. A common problem with fire hose is that it is not always the true measurement that is in the specs. Example: The Fitzgerald hotel in Las Vegas is a 36-story building and has a system pressure of 250 psi based on NFPA codes. In common use in the UK is 45mm (1 3/4 inch) and (notionally) 70mm (actually 64mm 2 1/2 inch). A single 25m length of 45mm hose, at a tactical flow rate of 500l/m can experience a frictional loss of 1.5 Bar. Secondary to this, the hose should be able to be deployed and used as efficiently as possible. Recent trials of some lightweight type 2 hose (HFRS / GMFRS 2010) have proven that the specific hose used was not durable enough for the expected internal fire environment (suffering significant wear and tear). The high-rise handline needs to be as easy as possible to deploy and flow adequate water in a usable stream. Photo : HoseEco UK Ltd. FDC Tandem Pumping: High-Rise Building Fire Pumping Operations, Improper Staging Can Set a High-Rise Operation Up for Failure, Standpipe Systems: Stretching from the Street. In most circumstances it exhibits a good balance between its flow characteristics, its charged weight and manoeuvrability. Recent innovation has lead to the creation of hose pack holders to assist with quick and effective deployment. Fire departments must be able to take over a system with pumping apparatus when applicable and supply the system by matching the system pressure. They require a 5 to 1 pressure safety margin in all material used in the construction of the plumbed system itself. Test in the high rise environment have proven that deploying lines of 70mm into compartments was extremely arduous, even for 3 person crews. A 30-psi nozzle pressure was considered to be the minimum to create a minimum workable stream. The Challenge is very RXL-800 Lightweight hose. The Hose design is governed by a British Standard, BS 6391:2009. The flow tests showed the capabilities of a 2-inch handline using 800 hose 150-foot-long hose in the low pressure range, 30 to 100 psi, as well as the higher 100 to 150 range that you expect to see in newer systems and systems properly pumped by fire department apparatus. Available in a one or two man carry pack, we offer the only High Rise Hose Pack with a built-in hose-evolution - unwinds with no kinks when charged. This link will take you away from www.highrisefire.co.uk Please be aware that we do not necessarily endorse or support the views, opinions or expressions of this site. Restricted space tests have been carried out and this method seems to provide the simplest and quickest deployment in areas such as corridors, stairwells and lobbies. Type 2 hoses have external coating has been applied to the reinforcement to give some protection against the absorption of liquids and to improve resistance to abrasion. This usually consisted of 2 lengths of 45mm hose, flaked in a tray in the pump (rear) locker, and a pre-connected branch. What about developing flows inside a structure using its building fire protection system for a part of the water-delivery evolution? Note: Even though all building systems are hydrostatically tested, older building systems could have a potential for leakage, or worse, under higher pressures or, for that matter, any pressure. The truth of the matter is that a 2-inch handline will work best in delivering the most water in any high-rise scenario with low- or high-pressure systems and with big or small fires. //-->. Take the same 2-inch handline and connect it to a standpipe on a 65-psi residual pressure system, and you will find that you can get more water/pressure. Internationally there are many Hose manufactures that are making lightweight and ultra durable hose, ideal for High rise fire fighting. Besides the low-system pressure potential, other restrictions can include elevation loss, plumbing friction loss, pressure-regulating devices, pressure-reducing valves, and pressure-restricting devices. The low-pressure nozzles can be smooth bore or combination. Repeated tests and trials in the high-rise environment have directed UK-FRS to 51/52mm hose. A single 25m length of 45mm hose, at a tactical flow rate of 500l/m can experience a frictional loss of 1.5 Bar. The trade-off is difficult hose handling. This is a pre-93 building with a 65 psi standpipe residual pressure. But remember, the trade-off is heavier hose. HALLWAY EXTENSION: In this evolution the Pack is opened near the hose cabinet. Type 3 Hose is in commonest use in UK FRS's. training program. This requires space, which can be a serious restriction in high rise corridors and lobbies. The code states that a minimum hydrostatic pressure test of 200 psi must be obtained for systems with system pressures up to 150 psi. Paul Shapiro is director of Fire Flow Technology. Developing better responses to fires in tower bocks and high-rise buildings. I encourage fire departments to do similar tests. Rolled make-up systems have a proven record, but its short-coming is that it has to be deployed (Hand rolled). It also exhibits very high frictional loss and should NOT be considered for incidents at high rise incidents as it will not normally be able to provide suitable flow rates given the issues of limited supply from riser systems. 51mm hose offers a good balance of hydraulic performance (frictional loss). For some reason, the fire hose industry has been allowed some leniency as it relates to the actual inside diameter of 1 3-inch hose. The pump has one only speed or power potential, which is set for the 500 gpm/65 psi flow. in weight) throughout the series of tests that comprise: You are allowed five minutes to complete all the tests. The Cleveland/Carmel make-up is by far the best for high rise, limited space, deployment. /* Link Bottom Left */ Adaptable to any high-rise fire situation, our organized High Rise Hose Pack is simple, fast, efficient and works in zero visibility operations with no tangles or kinks. Know your buildings. Stowage and Deployment. For the most part, this is not a problem. For systems higher than 150 psi, the system shall be hydrostatically tested to 50 psi above system pressure. Rolled make-up systems have a proven record, but its short-coming is that it has to be deployed (Hand rolled). Yes, the low-end pressure range flows in the tests were marginal at best, but a properly run fire department pump operation into a building system can, in a lot of situations, bring the bottom end numbers up to the 100-psi range, if not more. If the system pressures and the fire problem will allow, make it easy on the troops by using the small handline. The only pressure limitations in an operation are the maximum allowed pressures of the hose and water-delivery equipment, which is set by the manufacturers themselves. The "instantaneous" couplings on each end (one male, one female) are also to a British Standard, BS336. Four common methods are : Rolled or 'Hose on the coil' (over female coupling) Because of these restriction issues, the trend is to use one type of handline, the 2-inch with a 1 1/8inch smooth bore tip. These are not best suited to high rise deployment. These make-ups are normally appliance stored in a tray or racking. Hose make-up (how its laid ) prior to deployment is an import consideration. These are not best suited to high rise deployment. Together with usability and flexibility within manual handling (crews need to be able to safely advance and retreat. It is frequently used at Forestry, Marine and Ship fires. Hampshire (USA), the test used to be as follows: The test is conducted wearing a fire coat, helmet, gloves, air He has been in the fire service since 1981 and is author of Layin the Big Lines and produced the first in a series of videos on large-flow water delivery. Photo: Greg Stone Photo: NZFS training Program The 2-inch hose was indeed in 50-foot sections. In tests and trials it has proven extremely beneficial both on terms of hose management and deployment speed. The stats on the 125-psi/500-gpm chart are based on Clark County, Nevada, (Las Vegas) fire protection system codes. This increase can possibly go up by 30 psi or more. If that is not known, the following rules shall apply: All systems need to have a hydrostatic test done for the system to be certified. In some circumstances hose lines may need to deployed in high rise buildings that are over 2 lengths long (50m plus). Hose weight is an issue that should be addressed and this needs to be balanced with the ability of the hose to withstand the hard environment of a High-rise fire. The numbers speak for themselves. These sessions must also be completed wearing your full firefighting kit - perhaps push it up to 22 pounds. The flow tests revealed that most streams had at least a minimum interior attack flow for a room or small square footage-type fire (note that I said minimum); however, almost half lacked sufficient reach and velocity to be very effective. They both work together. Pre-loaded High Rise load bags may also contain lengths of hose. He is a nationally recognized instructor on large-flow water delivery. The reason, again, is that the system is designed for 65 psi at 500 gpm. All others were various lengths. This in turn can help determine the size of the attack line. The primary restriction is the water supply. This link will take you away from www.highrisefire.co.uk Please be aware that we do not necessarily endorse or support the views, opinions and expressions of this site ! Its 30-psi nozzle pressure started at 40-psi standpipe pressure. Flaked hose is used extensively in the USA and historically, the UK FRS had 'quick deployment lines' pre-made up, in the pump locker. The British standard details 3 Types (categories) of fire hose: It is a fixed-gallonage, 150-gpm at 50-psi combination nozzle used with a break-apart nozzle valve in conjunction with a 15/16-inch tip. with the water jet, stair or hill work - equivalent to 5/6 stories, pulling up a 45-pound coil of fire hose hand over hand with a Although using lightweight hoses is very beneficial, the hose does need to be able to perform its primary function and withstand the riggers of the high rise fire enviroment. This link will take you away from www.highrisefire.co.uk Please be aware that we do not necessarily endorse or support the views, opinions or expressions of this site. You cant go wrong with this choice. Two things can be done to offset low-system pressures with fire department pumping apparatus. Some manufacturers have increased the size while still calling it 1 -inch hose. Remember, the AHJ can be you! Type 3 Its not an example of residual system pressure. In 1993, the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) code changed requiring the standpipe residual pressure to be 100 psi. You have to wear the full firefighting clothing (approx. In the event of a low system pressure or large-volume fire scenario that would require large flows to extinguish, there needs to be a hose evolution to deliver the required stream. Its important to remember that when a flow starts from a system supplied from the building pump, the residual pressure starts dropping. STAIRWAY EXTENSION: In the stairway evolution the hose plays out from the pack while the firefighter walks from the water source up to the fire floor. It is frequently used at Forestry, Marine and Ship fires. Pic:Highrisefirefighting.co.uk Recent research in the UK has identified that the prefered deployment for hose is Cleveland/Carmel carried over the shoulder (in the American style) The following information shows the capabilities of the 2-inch handline as well as other hose diameter options that may be usable under specific conditions. I say bring both up and decide. The following is a list of hose used in the tests with their corresponding weight per 50 feet of coupled hose: You will note that the 1-inch hose is actually a little larger, measuring out at 1.88 inches (roughly 1 7/8 inches). There is something else that can be done to offset low system pressures, modify the design of the high-rise handline. Restricted space tests have been carried out and this method seems to provide the simplest and quickest deployment in areas such as corridors, stairwells and lobbies. It is for this reason that this specific type of 1 -inch hose, which is actually 1.88 inches) was evaluated for high-rise use. This is reality. I am not sure if this number reflects a certain size handline, but the bottom line is that 35 psi more is now available to deliver more water. To help determine the correct hose size to be used, a pressure/flow test can be done at the standpipe outlet using an inline gauge at the point of the hose connection and the line of choice. Review and trial of lightweight 51mm hose, Hydraulic Calculation of Wet and Dry Risers, Hoses and Branches. Pre-loaded High Rise load bags may also contain lengths of hose. These tests were also done using an engine, the three sizes of hose used in the previous tests, and smooth bore tips. google_ad_client = "pub-6580312449935063"; Next, simply open the standpipe valve and take a pressure reading. (2) Fire department pumping apparatus can increase the pressure in the systems, sometimes significantly. Example: Lets use the pre-1993/65-psi residual pressure for this example. 45mm Hose: Is the normal hose taken inside a building. This equates to a 265 gallons-per-minute (gpm) flow, thus the 65-psi standpipe residual pressure. Although using lightweight hoses is very beneficial, the hose does need to be able to perform its primary function and withstand the riggers of the high rise fire enviroment. See the 40yrd dash page for an idea of a Pre-loaded High Rise load bags may also contain lengths of hose. The first flow tests used the discharge of an engine to simulate a standpipe outlet and have been done in many of the classes that teach high-rise handlines. Just remember that the lower pressure equates to a lower flow and reach. The Cleveland/Carmel make-up is by far the best for high rise, limited space, deployment. (or 'Hose on the Bight') The USA/Canadian Fire Fighting Physical is a series of tests that firemen and firewomen must undertake to join the firefighting service. The hose extension is made by grasping the extension flag which is located midpoint on the hose line and extending the hose line away from the hose cabinet. These tests are as close to realistic as it gets when demonstrating what a specific standpipe pressure can deliver without actually using a high-rise system itself. Hose make-up (how its laid ) prior to deployment is an import consideration. Another interesting fact about system pressure requirements comes from the Underwriters Laboratories codes. A good resource for all fire departments to use is the local fire protection system contractor. Carmel (or Cleveland pack) is an evolution of an American 'wildfire' hose deployment technique. On arrival it must be easy for crews to select, remove and deploy hose to the appropriate incident areas. Our pack allows charged hose lines in less than 10 seconds. Dutch rolled 1.88-inch and 2-inch Hose. : Flaked (zig-zaged) The system was hydrostatically certified at 300 psi, again per NFPA. The primary restriction is the water supply. Remember, the purpose of this article is to show several choices. This usually consisted of 2 lengths of 45mm hose, flaked in a tray in the pump (rear) locker, and a pre-connected branch. There are those who think that combination nozzles are not good for high-rise applications because of the potential for debris from the standpipe system to clog the nozzle. This requires space, which can be a serious restriction in high rise corridors and lobbies. When deciding which handline to use in a high-rise fire, consider the following: If the fire is that of a large magnitude and/or the building system is either known to have low pressures or found to have low pressures on fire department evaluation (or if it was unable to be determined), the 2 1/2-inch handline should be deployed. The worst-case scenario was the 65 psi/500 gpm system using the 1.88-inch hose. Test in the high rise environment have proven that deploying lines of 70mm into compartments was extremely arduous, even for 3 person crews. If additional flow is added, the residual pressure will continue to drop. The following nozzle combinations were used: You should not be surprised to see the flows increase significantly with the 2-inch for obvious reasons. These make-ups are normally appliance stored in a tray or racking. The time needed to actually get water on the fire is delayed because of the logistics of getting people to the fire floor. The 65 psi used in the engine test is basically a given pressure. In phase 2 of the 40yrd dash training, you will need to substitute The one exception to this rule was the large bore tip nozzle used with the 2-inch line.